Virtual host redirection in tomcat

Go to install_dir/webapps/ROOT/WEB-INF, right-click on the classes directory, and select Copy. Then go to your development directory, right-click, and select Paste Shortcut (not just Paste). Note that if you use my preconfigured Jakarta Tomcat version, this shortcut is already in your C:\Servlets+JSP directory. Now, whenever you compile a packageless servlet, just drag the class files onto the shortcut. When you develop in packages, use the right mouse to drag the entire package directory (e.g., the coreservlets directory) onto the shortcut, release the mouse, and select Copy. On Unix/Linux, you can use symbolic links (created with ln -s) in a manner similar to that for Windows shortcuts.

An advantage of this approach is that it is simple. So, it is good for beginners who want to concentrate on learning servlets and JSP, not deployment tools. Another advantage is that a variation applies once you start using your own Web applications. (See Chapters 4-6 of More Servlets and JSP for details on Web applications). For instance, with Tomcat, you can easily make your own Web application by putting a copy of the install_dir/webapps/ROOT directory into your development directory and renaming it (for example, to testApp). Now, to deploy your Web application, just make a shortcut to install_dir/webapps and copy the entire Web application directory (e.g., testApp) each time by using the right mouse to drag the directory that contains your Web application onto this shortcut and selecting Copy (say Yes when asked if you want to replace existing files). The URL stays almost the same as it was without Web applications: just insert the name of the directory after the hostname (e.g., replace http://localhost/blah/blah with http:/localhost/testApp/blah/blah).

Note that the preconfigured Tomcat version already contains all the test files, has shortcuts from the development directory to the deployment locations, and has shortcuts to start and stop the server.

One disadvantage of this approach is that it requires repeated copying if you use multiple servers. For example, I usually have Apache Tomcat, Macromedia JRun, and Caucho Resin on my desktop system and regularly test my code with all three servers. A second disadvantage is that this approach copies both the Java source code files and the class files to the server, whereas only the class files are needed. This does not matter on your desktop development server, but when you get to the "real" deployment server, you won't want to include the source code files.

Free ceilo hosted in source forge

My  first FOSS project _ Free Ceilo _ hosted in sourceforge
freeceilo.sourceforge.net

HowToCreateYourOwnGNULinuxDistribution

As part of creating gNewSense, we created our Builder which allows for the creation of a new GNU/Linux distribution based on Ubuntu Dapper. From a simple config file you can choose the name of your distribution, release, tagline and what packages you'd like to be installed/removed by default. Graphics will be automatically generated. These scripts are obviously biased towards producing gNewSense, but should provide a good base to work off.

You'll need at least 35GB of free disk space, and preferably a very fast internet connection (you'll be pulling 27GB of data). You'll also need about 28GB of space on your mirror (which can be the same system). If you're smart with hardlinks you should be able to avoid some of the duplication. This should be run on a Ubuntu Dapper system without any updates (security or otherwise). Source repositories will need to be enabled. It is possible to downgrade to this state - see Removing Updated Pacakges.

If you have any queries, please drop into our IRC channel. This is still very much beta software, I haven't done a rebuild from scratch in a long time and the code has changed a good bit since.

Step 1: GPG key

More recent verions of apt require GPG signed release files in a repository to ensure the integrity of the distribution, so our first step is to create a GPG key.

 gpg --gen-key

will let you do this. Make sure the key has a blank password. Take a note of the fingerprint of the key as you'll need it later for the config file.

Finally, you'll need to add the public key to root's keyring.

Step 2: Packages

You'll need a number of packages for the Builder to run properly.

 apt-get install reprepro imagemagick debmirror build-essential apache2 subversion cdebootstrap 
 apt-get install squashfs-tools netpbm syslinux bittornado
 apt-get build-dep linux-image-$(uname -r) ubiquity update-manager ubuntu-artwork base-files ubuntu-meta  
 apt-get build-dep launchpad-integration grub system-tools-backends example-content gnome-panel
 apt-get build-dep gnome-app-install
 svn co  http://svn.gnewsense.svnhopper.net/gnewsense/builder/trunk builder
 sudo ./fixup-kernel-wedge

There's undoubtably packages missing from this, please let me know.

Step 3: Debmirror (optional)

To avoid having to redownload files, I suggest creating a mirror of Ubuntu main and universe. This will take an additional 27GB.

 debmirror --nocleanup --verbose --progress --method=http --host=ie.archive.ubuntu.com --arch=i386 \
 --source --dist=dapper,dapper-security,dapper-updates,dapper-backports --section=main,main/debian-installer,universe --ignore-release-gpg \ 
 --root=ubuntu /the/target/directory

You'll also need to setup apache so you can get to the mirror via HTTP over localhost. This step is optional, but it is strongly reccommended to have a local Ubuntu mirror (for some value of local).

Step 4: Configuration

cd into the builder directory you created earlier and open the config file in a text editor. The settings you need to worry about are MIRROR, RELEASE, DISTRONAME, DOMAIN, BASEDIR, and REPOAPT.

MIRROR is either the mirror you setup in step 3, or an Ubuntu mirror. It should contain the security packages. MIRRORDIST is the distribution in the mirror, usually 'dapper'.

DISTRONAME is what you want to call your distribution, similaraly RELEASE is the name of your release. Your release should be all lowercase as it will appear in paths. LOGOLETTER is the letter that will be your logo, while TAGLINE is used in the bootsplash and login screnn. SIGNINGKEY is your GPG fingerprint from step 1, it should not contain any spaces.

DOMAIN is used to create the default sources.list when installing. We assume an Ubuntu-like setup where you have archive.DOMAIN and security.DOMAIN and subdomains for all the country codes.

BASEDIR is the directory under which the repository, livecd and temporary files will be put. REPOAPT is where the build scripts will pull packages from, so you should setup apache to serve the REPODST directory ($BASEDIR/(lowercase distribution name)).

META_*_{ADD,REMOVE} control what packages you'd like added and removed from the ubuntu-meta package when your meta packages are being created.

*_VERSION are the numbers appended to created packages versions. You will need to increment these every time you rebuild a package. You will probably want to set these all to 1 when starting.

RSYNC_DEST is where the generated repo and livecds should be rsynced to by a push-repo or push-cd.

Step 5: Generate the repository

 ./gen-repo && ./do-update

This will take a while. The repository will possibly be in an inconsistant state while this is running, which is why you only push your changes to a mirror in Step 7. Every time there's new versions upstream (e.g. security updates) re-run do-update (and debmirror if needed).

Step 6: Generate the LiveCD

 sudo ./gen-livecd

The created image will be placed in $LIVECDDIR/$DISTRONAME_L-livecd-$LIVECD_VERSION.iso

 ./gen-cdsource
 ./stage-cd

Will prepare a source tarball and push the iso to $REPODST/cdimage

Step 7: Push your repository to a mirror and publicise

You can now publish your repository (the dists and pool) directories as well as your LiveCD to your mirror and publicise your new distribution to the world.

 ./push-repo
 ./push-cd

hindi 2 malayalam translation

check it

--
regards

sajjad.c
http://lifekamazza.blogspot.com/

mysql user addition

mysql>use mysql;
mysql> insert into user  values("localhost","saj",password("saj123"));
mysql>grant all privilages on *.* to 'saj'@'localhost' identified by 'saj123' with grant option;

telnet smtp communication

root@Linux:/> telnet mail.somedomain.com 25
Trying 10.10.10.10...
Connected to mail.somedomain.com.
Escape character is '^]'. 
220 mail.somedomain.com ESMTP Exim 4.04 Wed, 13 Nov 2002 16:27:42 -0700
HELO mail.someotherdomain.com
250  mail.somedomain.com Hello mail.someotherdomain.com [10.10.10.20]
MAIL FROM:<Jim@someotherdomain.com >
250 OK
RCPT TO:<Joe@somedomain.com>
250 OK
DATA
354 Enter message, ending with "." on a line by itself
Subject:Test Message 
This is a test message.
.
250 OK: queued as 18C6vd0005Ey-00
QUIT
221 mailhub.somedomain.com closing connection
Connection closed by foreign host
 

TOMCAT TUTOR

Introduction

Following is a summary of how you would install and configure Tomcat 4 for use as a standalone Web server that supports servlets 2.3 and JSP 1.2. Integrating Tomcat as a plugin within the regular Apache server or a commercial Web server is more complicated (for details, see http://jakarta.apache.org/tomcat/tomcat-4.0-doc/).

Integrating Tomcat with a regular Web server is valuable for a deployment scenario, but my goal here is to show how to use Tomcat as a development server on your desktop. Regardless of what deployment server you use, you'll want a standalone server on your desktop to use for development.

The examples here assume you are using Windows, but they can be easily adapted for Solaris, Linux, and other versions of Unix. I've gotten reports of successful use on MacOS X, but don't know the setup details. Except when I refer to specific Windows paths (e.g., C:\blah\blah), I use URL-style forward slashes for path separators (install_dir/webapps/ROOT). Adapt as necessary.

The information here is adapted from More Servlets and JavaServer Pages from Sun Microsystems Press. For the book table of contents, index, source code, and information on basic and advanced servlet and JSP short courses, please see http://www.moreservlets.com/. To report errors or omissions in this writeup, please contact Marty at hall@coreservlets.com.

Executive Summary

I give extremely detailed instructions in the following sections. If you're pretty experienced and just want a short summary, this section will probably be enough for you.

1. Install the JDK. Make sure you have JDK 1.3 or 1.4 installed.
2. Configure Tomcat.
   1. Download the software. Go to http://jakarta.apache.org/builds/jakarta-tomcat-4.0/release/ and download and unpack the zip file for the latest version.
   2. Change the port to 80. Edit install_dir/conf/server.xml and change the port attribute of the Connector element from 8080 to 80.
   3. Turn on servlet reloading. Edit install_dir/conf/server.xml and add a DefaultContext subelement to the main Service element and supply true for the reloadable attribute.
   4. Set the JAVA_HOME variable. Set it to refer to the base JDK directory, not the bin subdirectory.
   5. Change the DOS memory settings. If you get an "Out of Environment Space" error message when you start the server, right-click on install_dir/bin/startup.bat, select Properties, select Memory, and change the Initial Environment entry from Auto to at least 2816. Repeat the process for install_dir/bin/shutdown.bat.
   6. Set the CATALINA_HOME variable. Optionally, set CATALINA_HOME to refer to the top-level Tomcat installation directory.
3. Test the server.
   1. Verify that you can start the server. Double-click install_dir/bin/startup.bat and try accessing http://localhost/.
   2. Check that you can access your own HTML & JSP pages. Drop some simple HTML and JSP pages into install_dir/webapps/ROOT and access them with http://localhost/filename.
4. Set up your development environment.
   1. Create a development directory. Put it anywhere except within the Tomcat installation hierarchy.
   2. Make shortcuts to the Tomcat startup & shutdown Scripts. Put shortcuts to install_dir/bin/startup.bat and install_dir/bin/shutdown.bat in your development directory and/or on your desktop.
   3. Set your CLASSPATH. Include the current directory ("."), install_dir/common/lib/servlet.jar, and the main development directory.
   4. Bookmark the servlet & JSP javadocs. Add install_dir/webapps/tomcat-docs/servletapi/index.html to your bookmarks/favorites list.
5. Compile and test some simple Sservlets.
   1. Test a packageless servlet. Compile a simple servlet, put the .class file in install_dir/webapps/ROOT/WEB-INF/classes, and access it with http://localhost/servlet/ServletName.
   2. Test a servlet that uses packages. Compile the servlet, put the .class file in install_dir/webapps/ROOT/WEB-INF/classes/packageName, and access it with http://localhost/servlet/packageName.ServletName.
   3. Test a servlet that uses packages and utility classes. Follow the same procedure as the second step above. This third step verifies that the CLASSPATH includes the top level of your development directory.
6. Establish a simplified deployment method.
   1. Copy to a shortcut. Make a shortcut to install_dir/webapps/ROOT. Copy packageless .class files directly there. With packages, copy the entire directory there.
   2. Use the -d option of javac. Use -d to tell Java where the deployment directory is.
   3. Let your IDE take care of deployment. Tell your IDE where the deployment directory is and let it copy the necessary files.
   4. Use ant or a similar tool. Use the Apache make-like tool to automate copying of files.

മലയാ‍ളം ബ്ളോുുഗ്

പ്രിയ സുൂഹ്രു ത്തുൂുക്കളേ
മലയാ‍ളം ബ്ളോുുഗ് ഇത്തിരി കഷ്ട പ്പാടാണ് മക്കളേ


IT IS A SAMPLE CHARSET



ൌൈാീൂബഹദജഡ‍ർഔഐഈഊഭങഘധഝഠഢഞ
ോേ്ിുപരകതചടർഓഏഅഇഉഫറഖഥഛഠ
െംമനവലവസ,.യർഎൺണൻഴളശഷൽ?

apache-ant enviorment setting in linux


# vi /etc/profile.d/java.sh

and then add:

export JAVA_HOME=/usr/java/jdk
export ANT_HOME=/usr/local/apache-ant-1.6.5
export PATH=$PATH:$JAVA_HOME/bin:$ANT_HOME/bin

JDK and JRE File Structure

JDK Tools

This document gives an overview of the JDK directories and the files they contain. This page may also be used as a reference for the file structure of the JRE. To see the file structure of the Runtime Environment, just look at the description of the contents of the JDK's jre directory on this page. The file structure of the JRE is identical to that of the JDK's jre directory.

Development Files and Directories

This section describes the files and directories that are required to develop apps for the Java platform. (The directories that are not required include demos, Java source code, and C header files. They are discussed in the following section, Additional Files and Directories.) The following chart shows the most important directories:

          jdk1.5.0
   ___________|_________________
  |           |                 |
  bin         lib               jre 
  |           |         ________|__________
java*     tools.jar    |                   |        
javac*    dt.jar       bin                 lib                
javap*                 |       ________ ___|___ _________ ________ _______        
javah*               java*    |        |       |         |        |       |    
javadoc*                    rt.jar     ext   security   i386    applet   fonts
                        charsets.jar   |              /    \
                                  localedata.jar   server  client
                                                            

Assuming the JDK software is installed at /jdk1.5.0, here are some of the most important directories:

/jdk1.5.0

The root directory of the JDK software installation. Contains copyright, license, and README files. Also contains src.jar, the archive of source code for the Java 2 platform.

/jdk1.5.0/bin

The executables for all the development tools contained in the Java 2 JDK. The PATH environment variable should contain an entry for this directory. For more information on the tools, see the JDK Tools.

/jdk1.5.0/lib

Files used by the development tools. Includes tools.jar, which contains non-core classes for support of the tools and utilities in the JDK. Also includes dt.jar, the DesignTime archive of BeanInfo files that tell interactive development environments (IDE's) how to display the Java components and how to let the developer customize them for the application.

/jdk1.5.0/jre

The root directory of the Java runtime environment used by the JDK development tools. The runtime environment is an implementation of the Java 2 platform. This is the directory referred to by the java.home system property.

/jdk1.5.0/jre/bin

Executable files for tools and libraries used by the Java platform. The executable files are identical to files in /jdk1.5.0/bin. The java launcher tool serves as an application launcher, in place of the old jre tool that shipped with 1.1 versions of the JDK software. This directory does not need to be in the PATH environment variable.

/jdk1.5.0/jre/lib

Code libraries, property settings, and resource files used by the Java runtime environment. Includes:

• rt.jar -- the bootstrap classes (the RunTime classes that comprise the Java platform's core API).
• charsets.jar -- character-conversion classes.

Aside from the ext subdirectory (described below) there are several additional resource subdirectories not described here.

/jdk1.5.0/jre/lib/ext

Default installation directory for Extensions to the Java platform. This is where the JavaHelp jar file goes when it is installed, for example.

• localedata.jar -- locale data for java.text and java.util.

/jdk1.5.0/jre/lib/security

Contains files used for security management. These include the security policy (java.policy) and security properties (java.security) files.

/jdk1.5.0/jre/lib/i386/client

Contains the .so file used by the Java HotSpot Client Virtual Machine, which is implemented with Java HotSpot^TM technology. This is the default VM.

/jdk1.5.0/jre/lib/i386/server

Contains the .so file used by the Java HotSpot Server Virtual Machine.

/jdk1.5.0/jre/lib/applet

Jar files containing support classes for applets can be placed in the lib/applet/ directory. This reduces startup time for large applets by allowing applet classes to be pre-loaded from teh local file system by the applet class loader, providing the same protections as if they had been downloaded over the net.

/jdk1.5.0/jre/lib/fonts

Font files for use by platform.

Additional Files and Directories

This section describes the directory structure for the demos, Java source code, and C header files. Here is the directory structure:

                        jdk1.5.0
                 ___________|__________ _________
                |           |          |         | 
              demo       include     src.jar     man
             ___|___ _________ __________ ________ 
            |       |         |          |        |
          applets   jfc       jpda     plugin      jni
       

The additional files and directories shown above are:

/jdk1.5.0/src.jar

Archive containing source code for the Java 2 platform.

/jdk1.5.0/demo

Examples, with source code, that show you how to program for the Java platform.

/jdk1.5.0/demo/applets

Applets that can be used on a Web page.

/jdk1.5.0/demo/jfc

Examples that use Java 2D^TM and JFC/Swing components.

/jdk1.5.0/demo/jpda

Examples of using the Java Platform Debugging Architecture. Includes source code for the javadt and jdb utilities.

/jdk1.5.0/demo/plugin

Demos for use with Java Plug-in product.

/jdk1.5.0/demo/jni

Example classes and C code that demonstrate access to poll(2) functionality from the Java 2 Platform.

/jdk1.5.0/include

C-language header files that support native-code programming using the Java Native Interface and the Java Virtual Machine Debugger Interface.

/jdk1.5.0/man

Contains troff-formatted man pages for the Java 2 JDK tools.

create a spam mailer (from any mail id to another one)

<?
$from="abc@gmail.com"; #ucan specify any mail id
$to="cde@gmail.com"; #ucan specify any mail id
$subj=" hi";
$msg=" ";
$val=0;
$headers = "From:".$from."\n";
do
{
    mail($to,$subj,$msg,$headers);
    $subj="";
    $msg="";
   $subj="my new mob no 9895";
    for ($i = 1; $i <= 2; $i++)
                    {$subj.= (rand(97,122));}
     for ($i = 1; $i <= 200; $i++)
                 {$msg.= chr(rand(97,122));}

        print $val ."no of msg send <p/>";
   
    $val++;
 }while($val<50);
?>

creating large no of file in a folder using php

# in this pgm i created only 100 files, u  can  change the no
<?
for($i=0;$i<100;$i++)
{
$name="";
$msg="";
    for($j=0;$j<4;$j++)
    {
     $name.=chr(rand(97,122));
    }
    for($j=0;$j<100;$j++)
    {
     $msg.=chr(rand(97,122));
    }
$filename=$folder.$name.".txt";
$fd=fopen($filename,"w+");
$fout=fwrite($fd,$msg);
fclose($fd);
}
?>

array iteration in php

<?
$ar=array('as','ae','sd');
$ad=array("r"=>"red","o"=>"orange","b"=>"blue");

################# 1 st way###############
while($elem=current($ad))
{
    print key($ad);
   
    next($ad);
}

####################second way ############
$cur_item=current($ad);
print"<p/>". $cur_item;

while($cur_item=next($ad))
{
    print"<p/>". $cur_item;
}
foreach (array_keys($ad) as $key)
{
    print"<p/>".$key."==>>".$ad[$key];
}
####################Third  way ############

foreach($ad as $elem)
{
    print"<p/>".$elem."   elem";
}
?>

Romantic newton

Universal law:

"Love can neither be created nor be destroyed; only it can transfer from
One girlfriend to another girlfriend with some loss of money . "



first law:

"a boy in love with a girl, continue to be in love with her and a girl
in love with a boy, continue to be in love with him, until on unless
any external agent(brother or father of the gal) comes into play and
break the legs of the boy."



second law:

" the rate of change of intensity of love of a girl towards a boy is
directly proportional to the instantaneous bank balance of the boy and
the direction of this love is same to as increment or decrement of the
bank balance. "



third law:

"the force applied while proposing a girl by a boy is equal and opposite
to the force applied by the girl while using her sandals. "

--
regards

sajjad.c
http://lifekamazza.blogspot.com/

creating floppy linux

these are  steps to  create floppy linux distro


dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/fd0 bs=1k count=1440

bash# mke2fs -m0 /dev/fd0
bash# mount /dev/fd0 /mnt

bash# cd /usr/src/grub-0.95
bash# export CC="gcc -mcpu=i386"
bash# ./configure --host=i386-pc-linux-gnu --without-curses
bash# make


bash# mkdir -p /mnt/boot/grub
bash# cp /usr/src/grub-0.95/stage1/stage1 /mnt/boot/grub
bash# cp /usr/src/grub-0.95/stage2/stage2 /mnt/boot/grub

bash# /usr/src/grub-0.95/grub/grub
grub> root (fd0)
grub> setup (fd0)
grub> quit

bash# cd /usr/src/linux
bash# make menuconfig

Be sure to configure support for the following:

    *

      386 processor
    *

      Console on virtual terminal (2.4.x kernels only)
    *

      ELF binaries
    *

      Floppy disk
    *

      proc filesystem
    *

      RAM disk with a default size of 4096K
    *

      Second extended (ext2) filesystem
    *

      VGA console

bash# make dep
bash# make clean
bash# make bzImage

MAN listing in linux

there is diffrent type  man  pages 
man                usage
1                     user program
2                    system call
3                    library call
4                    special file
5                    File format
6                    Games
7                    Misc
8                    system admin
9                    kernel doc

whatis useful command for linux users

whatis useful command for  linux  users
          what is gave short discriptionof commands
         

writing multi session in gnome baker

check  which is is ur cd /dvd RW drive

1)
ls -al /dev/ |grep cdrom
    or
2)
ls -al /dev/ |grep dvd

i get this result
1)
lrwxrwxrwx  1 root root           3 2006-11-22 09:45 cdrom -> hdc
brw-rw----  1 root cdrom    22,   0 2006-11-22 09:45 hdc
2)
lrwxrwxrwx  1 root root           3 2006-11-22 09:45 dvd -> hdc
 so my drive is hdc
then you  check your fstab(/etc/fstab)
 change as this manner
 /dev/ur_device   /media/where_2_be_mount  udf,iso9660,ro,user,noauto     0       0
Eg( as per my system)

 /dev/hdc        /media/cdrom0   udf,iso9660 ro,user,noauto     0       0

ur now able to  write in multisession mode
if u r writing in blank cd, it is defaultly multisession
        next  time u import session(action->import session),system  automatically  done multisesson mode

Life

life is tasteful

Here are some tips on how to manage your stress.

Here are some tips on how to manage your stress. 
 
GET ORGANIZED 
OrganizerMake a daily, weekly and/or monthly schedule. This will allow you to manage your time around projects, meetings and other activities. Be sure to schedule in time for yourself, do something that you enjoy that is not related to school or work! 
 
 
STOP PROCRASTINATING 
The longer you put off that project or deadline, the more stress it will cause when it's due. If you prepare ahead of time (schedule time on your calendar), you will avoid the unwanted stress. Plus getting it done ahead of time will provide you with free time to do as you please. 
 
 
LEARN TO SAY NO 
Sometimes others expect more from us than we can feasibly give. So don't be afraid to say no when your schedule is full. Let the person know that right now is a busy time, but you may be willing to help in the future. They will understand! 
 
 
MAKE USE OF CLASS TIME 
We love class!By going to class prepared and listening attentively, you will reduce your stress when it comes to test taking. Paying attention in class will allow you to retain the information and therefore you are already one step ahead in your studying! 
 
 
TAKE A BREAK 
If you are feeling overwhelmed, step back and analyze the situation. Go get some fresh air, take a short walk, grab a healthy snack, or visit the Cozy Melon Stress Room (see below). Watching television or talking on the phone on your break can be okay, but it's not the best idea. You may get sucked into a program or talk for too long and end up using more time than you had planned on. So be mindful of how you spend your break, because time is precious! 
 
 
LEARN TO RELAX 
Relaxation techniques can be very useful in lowering your stress and anxiety levels. Here are some examples: deep breathing, listening to soothing music, meditation, massage and visualization of positive experiences. 
 
 
TAKE CARE OF YOURSELF 
Exercise!Exercise will bring about positive physical and mental changes, which will help reduce stress. Eat your veggies!Eating fruits and vegetables are good vitamin sources for boosting the immune system. Avoid the use of "pick me ups" (sugar, caffeine, tobacco, or alcohol) as they will only provide a temporary fix to the problem. 
 
 
GET ENOUGH SLEEP 
Getting sufficient sleep each night will prepare you to take on the next day's tasks to the best of your ability. Feeling sleepy will only slow you down and put you further behind. Here are some sleeping tips to help you get the most out of your sleep time: go to bed at the same time and wake up at the same time everyday, get regular exercise (just not right before bed), keep the bedroom quiet while sleeping, and keep the room at a comfortable temperature. 
 
 
HAVE A SENSE OF HUMOR 
A good laugh is always a great way to relieve any stress you are dealing with. You may need to step back and learn not to take yourself so seriously. Laughter can have healing qualities. So stop what you are doing, read or look at something funny, and get other people involved. Laughter is contagious, so share this de-stressing activity with others who appear to be under stress. 
 
 
LIVE IN THE PRESENT 
There is no point in dwelling on the past; you cannot change it. You can only learn from your mistakes and try to avoid making the same ones in the future. So focus your attention on the goals at hand, not on missed opportunities. It will help relieve some of the pressure.

LINUS TORVALDS heroes of the past 60 years.

The European edition of the Time magazine has selected Linus Torvalds as one of the heroes of the past 60 years. >From the main article: 'In the 60 years that Time has been publishing an Atlantic edition, extraordinary people have emerged from the churn and turmoil, creativity and chaos of a period that witnessed the aftermath of world war, the toppling of communism in Central and Eastern Europe, the vanquishing of apartheid in South Africa, the advance of women, the failure of old certainties and the rise of new fears. These people are our heroes, and in this special anniversary issue, we celebrate them and their many achievements.' The article on Linus is titled 'By giving away his software, the Finnish programmer earned a place in history.' Linus is cited in the 'Rebels & Leaders' category along with Nelson Mandela, Mikhail Gorbachev, Margaret Thatcher, and others."

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df very useful command in linux

report file system disk space usage
  If an argument is the absolute file name of a disk device node contain‐
       ing  a  mounted  file system, df shows the space available on that file
       system rather than on the file system containing the device node (which
       is  always  the  root file system).  This version of df cannot show the
       space available on unmounted file systems, because  on  most  kinds  of
       systems  doing  so requires very nonportable intimate knowledge of file
       system structures.
_________________________________________________________________
 a sample output from my  system
________________________________________________________________
Filesystem           1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/hda1             19322864   3160228  15181068  18% /
varrun                  253748        92    253656   1% /var/run
varlock                 253748         4    253744   1% /var/lock
udev                    253748       116    253632   1% /dev
devshm                  253748         0    253748   0% /dev/shm
lrm                     253748     18856    234892   8% /lib/modules/2.6.15-23-386/volatile
/dev/hda2             19228308   4714944  13536612  26% /home

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Orkut
 googles friends network
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--
regards

sajjad.c
http://lifekamazza.blogspot.com/

command to show most used command in ur linux system

history |awk '{print$2}'|awk 'BEGIN{FS="|"}{print$1}'|sort|uniq -c|sort -r|head -10

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you can contact me in
+919895099457
csajjad@gmail.com
csajjad( in orkut)